chap1

 | <V M | S nx

	< +E 

	{ xE E B l Vx
	i Ij  x \|J E n
	n {
	ni E SE E B
	+Mi  k 
	x E Mi 
	J {k 
	] { M`
	+ E bM S{x{
	U` Vi
	n 
	 E  +M +  
	i {i E
	+ii E {z 
	j x ZE

	+

i {i E

U] VP  E v E c Ji

+xvxEk+ E +x  VP  E +{I U] VP   v Ei x E Ji  v E + +O x  li Vn x E x i *

vEk bC] EE ++ x vx E E v E  i x  E E  i  VP E < v E Eh i *

hb li ]  Vx {Ex t  Ei ++ x J E E M E +n E ih  S{x  h {h E li EU n iE ]M E < B   x  v E Ji E |i Ei *

 v E |E {h *  Ei  E v BE EE  *

++ + =xE M x +{x  v   +Ex ] Bx u +Vi EbE bVV B{bV Bhb |x E 43 E M`  |ii E*

v   40   74  E + M E S 8738 xx  M* vEi x  { E U] VP  M  v x  <xx E |ivEi E x E Ji Vn i , <E J V H B CE E xji Ex  x E nxi J nx * v {n Ex  +x EE E vx  Ji B +xvxEk+ x { E  EE i B Cx-+Ex +  Vn  i + x{i +i B { E*

<E { E v   { M E U] En E M   i  v x E Ji Vn i *

VM E ni E M nJ

n li  MM  +{i  ni M M E +vI bC] B nx E Ex  E VM H  ni B g E +M B i  VE  +iH nJJ E +Ei i *

VM H E EU ] + li Vx E  Jx (V]), xE ni B +ivE +Vx, ni I (Vc E i) g E  ({bx] bVV), n  E  n, Ej-ni E nJ, ni E Ex E S]Ex  ]x J {   *

ni E Mx  J < VM B c Jn ni,  ni  Ex  {x {n Ei * n Ej ni |M E V   i =x {n x  VJ E +n x i , VE E<  PiE r i *  xSi E Vx S E ni E `E  <  Ji { i { Vx  `E { ni I Ex  =SS Ii  C<b H ]l{] i E i * |iE ix  {S  E nx Ej ni E {xVx V E  Vx S*

 = E  Vx   g<

+{E VnM   +{E Vx Sx E l-l +{E =  g Ei * + Y u E V  x +vx E +x  { M  E i < P E   +{E Vx E n  x gi , E E B Eb C V  E Ji E  E Ei *

+vx  +  i  M  E n E |J ii "E]Cx' BE <]-EE i  V SEE   cx E Ii i * <]-EE VE V G ii (-BC] EE) E x   Vx Vi , V E |h { i{h VVE B EE | bx  i ''  Ex  i SEi +xvx {n (+<  B +) E +E |{i SEi YxE bC] E Eh E*

n E +iH, E {k, E S, V, vx, l E  + >iE Ih Ex B H  MEV B E] E Ex  E { M * bC] Eh E Ex  E  E |M BE  E i Ex S*

Y E +x < Ij  + iE BE  E >{ E M SEiE {Ih {{i x * b. Eh Ei  ""+ iE i SEiE {Ih E M  ii {Ih E Vx E  M Yx +vi I v-v x +   VE  E   +SU +vh+ E r Ex E  {{i ""*

nn li b B bM ]CEV +xvx Exp E bC]   ]] Ei  E ""=i{n E     E VM x E Vi * E-E <VE ii   +M E  Vi * =nh E  M  i xEE <E +M  S V Ei * V E M E | E  Vi * < i   E {EVM E  +SU i  VS  Vx S*

( : ], xS B xnix ]<, n)